Annex B, Example B2 of VDI 2230 Part 1:2015: the bolts of a rigid flange coupling (through-bolt joint, transverse load carried by friction), used to check the required clamp load, resilience, embedding, preload, surface pressure, slipping and shearing results of the VDI 2230-1 single-bolt calculator point by point.
The lower half of the VDI 2230 calculation chain β six strength checks (assembly stress, service stress, fatigue, bearing pressure, engagement depth, slip) plus the tightening torque R13. Each check's physical meaning, formula and safety factor explained one by one.
Why does a bolted joint fail as a whole when the surface is only crushed a tiny bit? This article uses the model of a 'stretched rubber band clamping a sponge' to see through the mechanics of the bearing-pressure check: from microscopic peak crushing and macroscopic embedding (Setzen), to the elastic recoil that causes an irreversible loss of preload (clamping force), to the chain failure of loosening and fatigue fracture β and gives engineering measures such as controlling the limiting surface pressure and enlarging the bearing area.