BS 7910 Annex D: How a Misaligned Weld Forces a Layer of Bending Stress
In a fitness-for-service (FFS) assessment of a welded pressure-bearing structure, there is a class of stress that comes neither from external load nor from a residual field, but from imperfect fabrication and fit-up — the weld joint is “not aligned”. BS 7910:2019 Annex D handles exactly this: when two plates or shells to be welded together have axial misalignment or angular distortion, the load path of a tensile load is forced to bend, and a layer of local bending stress $\sigma_s$ appears at the weld. ...