BS 7910:2019 Annex D — stress magnification factor k_m from joint misalignment
A Layer-1 building block: misalignment (axial offset, angular distortion) induces secondary bending that magnifies the membrane stress at a weld. Annex D Tables D.1/D.2 give closed-form \sigma_s/P_m per joint family; k_m=1+\sigma_s/P_m (Eq. D.1). Fill the fields relevant to your selected geometry family (others are ignored). Ovality (Table D.1 g) is handled by the full Annex D path, not this lightweight form.
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